Research Guides
BPC-157: A Research Overview
A review of the synthetic pentadecapeptide BPC-157, the laboratory models used to study it, and why nearly all published evidence remains preclinical.
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FuelX
The FuelX Research Library is an educational resource designed to help researchers better understand peptide science, analytical testing, laboratory terminology, and the methods used to evaluate research materials.
Explore compound research guides, analytical testing explanations, COA education, and laboratory resources created to make complex research concepts easier to understand.
Information provided in the FuelX Research Library is for educational and research purposes only.
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Research Guides
Research Guides
TB-500: Research & Laboratory Overview
How TB-500 relates to the naturally occurring protein thymosin β4, what the actin-binding research shows, and why the two should not be treated as interchangeable.
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Research Guides
BPC-157 vs TB-500: Differences in Laboratory Research
A side-by-side comparison of two structurally unrelated peptides — their origin, size, proposed mechanisms, research models and analytical requirements.
Read Research Guide: BPC-157 vs TB-500: Differences in Laboratory Research
Research Guides
Tesamorelin: A Research Overview
An overview of tesamorelin, a synthetic GHRH analog, covering its structure, receptor pharmacology and the controlled clinical research that distinguishes it from most research peptides.
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Research Guides
GHK-Cu: Laboratory Research Overview
The copper-binding tripeptide GHK: its chemistry, the cell-culture and gene-expression research behind it, and the gap between laboratory and human evidence.
Read Research Guide: GHK-Cu: Laboratory Research Overview
Mitochondrial Research
MOTS-c: Mitochondrial Research Explained
MOTS-c is a peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA. Learn how it was discovered, how it signals to the nucleus in cell models, and what remains unknown.
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Mitochondrial Research
SS-31: Mitochondrial Research Overview
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that associates with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explore the research and its limits.
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Research Guides
KPV: A Research Overview
KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH. This guide covers its origin, transport by PepT1 in cell models, and the preclinical inflammation-signaling research.
Read Research Guide: KPV: A Research OverviewTesting & Education
COA Education
How to Read a Peptide COA
A section-by-section walkthrough of a peptide Certificate of Analysis: identifiers, specifications, results, methods and what a COA cannot tell you.
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Analytical Testing
What Does Peptide Purity Mean?
What a purity percentage actually measures, which impurities it captures, and which it does not.
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Analytical Testing
HPLC Testing Explained
How reverse-phase HPLC separates peptides, how to read a chromatogram, and what makes a purity method reliable.
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Analytical Testing
Mass Spectrometry Testing Explained
How mass spectrometry confirms peptide identity, what m/z and charge states mean, and how MS complements HPLC.
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Peptide Science
Peptide Purity vs Quantity
Why a 99%-pure peptide can still contain less peptide than the gross weight suggests — and how net peptide content is determined.
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Laboratory Education
Sterility Testing vs Endotoxin Testing
Two frequently confused microbiological tests: what each detects, how they are performed, and why one never substitutes for the other.
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Laboratory Education
How Lyophilized Peptides Are Tested
An overview of freeze-drying and the analytical panel commonly applied to lyophilized peptide powders, from appearance to moisture and identity.
Learn More: How Lyophilized Peptides Are Tested